[An earlier version of this article was available at photo.net in the USA 1996–2016.An abridged Russian version: Камера-обскура.The Russian version is also available as a pdf file.The history section has been translated into Spanish,and slightly abridged also into Portuguese:Stenoptik – A Optica Estenopéica.Major parts have been translated into Polish.] Last updated 10 March 2025 © … Continue reading Pinhole Photography – History, Images, Cameras, Formulas